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Multinational companies
Multinational companies (MNCs)
= firms that own, control, or manage production or distribution facilities in several countries
⇒ 25% of world output
Problems created by MNCs in the home country
| (-) loss of unskilled and semiskilled jobs | (+) creation of some higher qualified jobs at home, i.e. clerical, managerial, technical |
| (+) securing of jobs at home through improved competitiveness |
|
| (-) export of advanced technology | (+) tendency of MNCs to concentrate R+D in the home nation |
| (-) loss of taxes |
Problems created by MNCs in the host country
(-) domination of host countries' economies
→ foreign affiliate acts according to MNC's and home country's policies
- e.g. no exports to Iran
→ Effect on national tastes
- e.g. Coca-Cola, McDonald's
(-) inflow and outflow of capital not controllable
(-) brain-drain to home nation
because of concentration of R+D there
⇒ keeps host country technologically dependent
(-) crowding-out (buying-up) of domestic industries
→ Very bad for emerging industries in developing countries
⇒ Trend monopolies /oligopolies
Special problems for developing countries
(-) overexploitation of natural resources
(-) use of capital-intensive production
(instead of employing host countries' workers)
(-) lack of training of local labour
(-) Exploitation of poor standards for working conditions
→low wages, long working-hours, poor safety standards etc.
(-) creation of "enclave" economies
→ foreign investors just exploit the natural resources, but don't employ many local workers, profits are repatriated
Counter-measures by host countries
Canada: higher taxes on foreign affiliates with less than 25% Canadian interest
India: specification of sectors where direct FI is allowed + rules for operation
Some developing/ emerging countries:
- only joint-ventures allowed, i.e. with local equity participation, e.g. China
- rules for:
- transfer of technology
- training of domestic labour
- limits on the use of imported goods
- remission of profits
- environmental standards
Severe step: Nationalization of foreign production facilities
→ disadvantage: bad influence on the future flow of direct FI
Efforts: International code of conduct for MNCs
Dokument 
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Letzte Änderung: 21.04.2011